The History and Cultural Heritage of Guilin

This blog delves into the fascinating history of Guilin, covering key periods from its ancient origins to its modern-day significance. You'll learn about its role during the Ming and Qing dynasties, the impact of World War II, and how the city has transformed in the era of reform and opening up. Gain insights into Guilin's cultural heritage, its diverse ethnic communities, and the natural wonders that make it a unique destination. Join us on this journey through time!
Aerial view of Ling Canal Scenic Area, built by Emperor Qin Shi Huang in Xing'an County, Guilin

In the canvas of time, there is a place where the mountains and rivers become ink, and the passage of years is the brush that paints a legendary landscape. Guilin, a dazzling gem set in the land of Guangxi, has long been the dream destination for poets and scholars. Its history, much like the Li River, flows deep and endlessly, full of twists and turns. From the construction of the Ling Canal during the Qin Dynasty, which linked the Xiang and Li Rivers, solidifying Guilin as a crucial transportation hub, to becoming a cultural center in the Tang and Song dynasties, where countless poets left their mark, Guilin’s past is not just a record of geographic change, but a testament to human spirit and culture. Let’s journey back through time and uncover the hidden stories of Guilin, and experience the charm and elegance it has cultivated over the centuries.

The Origin of Guilin’s Name

When we think of Guilin, what comes to mind is not just its stunning landscapes, but also the story behind its name, rich with the essence of time. Contrary to popular belief, “Guilin” does not derive from the fragrant osmanthus trees that blanket the city, but from a rarer plant—the cassia tree. More precisely, the “Gui” in Guilin refers to the cinnamon trees that have long been considered a valuable natural resource.

After Emperor Qin Shi Huang unified China, his sights turned southward, incorporating the Lingnan region into the empire’s territory. In 214 BCE, the Qin army invaded the Baiyue region and dug the Ling Canal, enhancing transportation links. During this time, the Qin Dynasty established the Guilin, Xiang, and Nanhai prefectures. Guilin was named after the abundant cinnamon trees in the region, marking its first recorded mention in history. Over time, despite various administrative changes, the name “Guilin” endured, and today, it remains a key city in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region.

The beautiful scenery of Guilin in spring
Image Source: [千库网], The beautiful scenery of Guilin in spring

Guilin’s Historical Significance

Guilin is a city that pulses with life. Known globally for its stunning scenery, it’s also a center of knowledge and innovation, home to thriving high-tech industries. As the southern end of the Xiang-Gui Corridor, Guilin blends modern vibrancy with a sense of peaceful tranquility. As one of China’s most open international tourism destinations, its breathtaking landscapes make it a dream destination for travelers worldwide. But Guilin is also strategically important, sitting at the crossroads between the Pan-Pearl River Delta region and the ASEAN Free Trade Area, giving it vast potential for future growth.

The allure of Guilin lies not only in its natural beauty but also in its rich historical and cultural significance. As one of China’s first designated historical and cultural cities, its story stretches back to the unification of the Lingnan region by Emperor Qin Shi Huang. Guilin isn’t just a city of stunning landscapes; it’s also home to renowned institutions like Guangxi Normal University, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, and Guilin Medical University, fostering a vibrant academic atmosphere.

Guilin is a city of both nature and culture. It continues to charm visitors with its unique way of showcasing life’s true beauty. Every glance, every stop, becomes a memory etched in time. As this ancient yet vibrant city opens its doors to the world, it continues to write new chapters of its story.

Guilin’s Geographic Location

Now, let’s take a look at its geographical position. Guilin covers an area of 27,800 square kilometers, accounting for 11.74% of Guangxi’s total area. Guilin’s coordinates span from 109°36′50″ to 111°29′30″ east longitude and from 24°15′23″ to 26°23′30″ north latitude. The city stretches 236 kilometers from north to south and 189 kilometers from east to west. To the north, Guilin borders Hunan Province, while its northeastern boundary also touches Hunan. To the southeast, it meets Hezhou in Guangxi. The southern edge borders Wuzhou and Laibin in Guangxi, while the west and southwest are connected to Liuzhou.

Pedestrian wood bridge over Mulong Lake with people enjoying the scenic view
Image Source: [千库网], Pedestrian wood bridge over Mulong Lake

Guilin’s History Dates Back 10,000 Years

Guilin, a gem nestled in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, traces its history back to the distant prehistoric era. Approximately 10,000 years ago, the ancestors of this land left traces of their lives in the caves of Baojiyan and Zengpiyan, located within the city of Guilin. These relics, like messengers from the past, quietly tell the stories of the Zengpiyan people from the matriarchal clan society. They used simple stone tools to till the land, hunt, and fish, living in harmony with nature and ensuring the survival of their community. The mountains and rivers of Guilin bear witness to this ancient civilization’s early stages.

During the Xia, Shang, and Zhou Dynasties (2146 BCE – 771 BCE)

In the ancient times of the Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties, the Guilin area was inhabited by the Baiyue people. While historical records from the Xia and Shang periods in the Guilin region are limited, it is confirmed that traces of human settlement appeared in this area during the Zhou Dynasty.

During the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods (770 BCE – 221 BCE)

What were the significant aspects of Guilin during the Warring States period?

Historical Background of Guilin in the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods

During this era, the Guilin region was part of the Baiyue territory. The Baiyue refers to various tribal alliances residing south of the Yangtze River, including present-day Guangdong, Guangxi, northern Vietnam, and parts of Yunnan. Although detailed records of Guilin during the Spring and Autumn period are scarce, by the Warring States period, this area generally fell under the influence of the State of Chu.

Political and Social Conditions of Guilin During the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods

During this time, the Guilin region was relatively underdeveloped in terms of social productivity, with a sparse population. Despite the lack of direct references to Guilin in historical texts, artifacts unearthed in and around the area indicate that Central Plains culture had already begun to spread here. For example, bronze artifacts discovered in Gongcheng reveal patterns and styles similar to those in the Central Plains, indicating a cultural exchange between the north and south.

Aerial view of Ling Canal Scenic Area, built by Emperor Qin Shi Huang in Xing'an County, Guilin
Image Source: [千库网], Aerial view of Ling Canal Scenic Area

The Qin Dynasty (221 BCE – 207 BCE)

Next, let’s discuss the changes that Guilin experienced during the Qin Dynasty.

Qin’s Southern Conquest and the Establishment of Guilin Commandery

After Emperor Qin Shi Huang unified China, he dispatched his army to conquer the Baiyue and, in 214 BCE, took control of the Lingnan region. The Qin Dynasty then established three commanderies in the area: Guilin, Xiang, and Nanhai, with Guilin Commandery being one of them. This marked the strengthening of the Qin administration over the Lingnan region.

The Administrative Center of Guilin Commandery

The administrative center of Guilin Commandery was originally located in Bushan County, though the exact location of Bushan County remains debated. Some scholars believe it was located southwest of today’s Guiping City, while others argue it was in Gangbei District of Guigang City. Recent archaeological discoveries, such as the excavation of the Guicheng site in Guicheng Town, Guigang, have unearthed numerous artifacts from the Han Dynasty to the Ming and Qing periods, supporting the theory that Bushan County was situated in Guigang.

The Territory and Influence of Guilin Commandery

The territory of Guilin Commandery covered most of present-day Guangxi and parts of Guangdong Province. The establishment of this commandery aimed to strengthen central control over the region and promote cultural, political, and economic exchanges between the Central Plains and the Lingnan region, leaving a lasting influence.

The Construction of the Ling Canal and Its Significance

The existence of the Ling Canal is not only a symbol of material wealth but also a glorious chapter in the history of Chinese civilization, inspiring future generations to innovate, cherish, and protect this precious cultural heritage.

The Structure of the Ling Canal

The canal ingeniously diverts water using a wedge-shaped structure, guiding water from the Xiang River both north and south. The “Heavenly Balance” systems finely regulate water flow to ensure stability, while the southern and northern canals extend to connect the Li River and Xiang River, successfully linking these two major water systems. Additionally, the canal’s lock gates, similar to modern ship locks, solved the problem of boats passing through, showcasing ancient Chinese ingenuity. The entire project exemplifies the ancient people’s understanding of hydraulic engineering and stands as a classic example for later generations to study and emulate.

The Role of the Ling Canal

The construction of the Ling Canal connected the Xiang and Li Rivers, opening a north-south waterway that provided essential logistical support for the Qin Dynasty’s conquest of Lingnan. Large quantities of grain and other supplies were transported by water to the region, ensuring the success of military operations. The canal also enhanced political, economic, and cultural exchanges between the north and south, consolidating national unity and strengthening the bonds among different ethnic groups.

The Historical Significance of the Ling Canal

First, the Ling Canal played a crucial role in the Qin Dynasty’s military strategy, providing a convenient transportation route that sped up the conquest of the Lingnan region and strengthened the dynasty’s control over southern territories. Second, like a lifeline, the canal facilitated the exchange of goods between the Yangtze and Pearl River basins, boosting economic development along its route and significantly enhancing local agricultural productivity. Lastly, this man-made marvel facilitated the integration of Central Plains and Lingnan cultures, deepening mutual understanding and unity among ethnic groups, serving as a bridge for national harmony.

Finally, the Ling Canal stands as an outstanding achievement in engineering, a testament to the wisdom and talent of our ancestors.

Later, in the Eastern Han Dynasty (25-220 CE)

During the Eastern Han period, Guilin was called Shian, a name under the jurisdiction of Lingling Commandery within the Jingzhou Inspectorate. Though it seemed an ordinary place, it held rich historical stories. The political landscape during the Eastern Han was similar to that of the Western Han, with Guilin continuing to exist quietly within the boundaries of Lingling Commandery, witnessing the passage of time.

As the Eastern Han dynasty neared its end, powerful aristocratic clans began to rise. The Yellow Turban Rebellion spread across the empire, and the Han dynasty’s rule fractured like a torn painting, resulting in chaos. Guilin also swayed uncertainly amid this turbulent era.

Economic and Cultural Growth in Guilin

Although Guilin endured the ravages of war during the Eastern Han, its agriculture flourished thanks to the Ling Canal, which facilitated the exchange of goods from both north and south. This made Guilin an essential hub for economic exchange. Although specific cultural records from this period are sparse, Guilin’s status as a regional leader ensured that it was an active participant in cultural exchanges. Its economy and culture grew steadily and stably during this period.

Overall, during the Eastern Han, Guilin remained politically, economically, and culturally vibrant, like a dynamic stage where every step taken was steady and impactful.

The Turbulent Three Kingdoms Period (220-280 CE)

During the time of the Three Kingdoms, Guilin could not escape the ravages of war.

Guilin’s geographical position made it a strategic stronghold, especially after Emperor Qin Shi Huang unified the Lingnan region. The establishment of Guilin Commandery was crucial for the Qin dynasty’s control and for the subsequent historical developments. Initially, the administrative center of Guilin Commandery was not located in modern-day Guilin but in Bushan, today’s Guigang City.

During the Three Kingdoms period, Guilin was initially part of the Shu kingdom’s territory but later became part of the Wu kingdom. Wu established six commanderies in present-day Guangxi, including Guilin, Shian, Linghe, Cangwu, Yulin, and Hepu. The territory of Guilin Commandery encompassed modern-day Guilin, Liuzhou, and Laibin. The commandery’s capital was Wuan (modern-day Xiangzhou). During this time, Guilin was not only a military fortress but also a vital political and economic center.

Mulong Lake with traditional Chinese architecture and a pagoda
Image Source: [千库网], Mulong Lake with traditional Chinese architecture and a pagoda

Guilin as a Military Stronghold During the Han and Tang Dynasties (618-907 CE)

Guilin’s strategic importance during the Han and Tang dynasties stemmed from its unique geographical position. Located in the central Lingnan region, surrounded by mountains, Guilin enjoyed natural defense advantages. Its topography made it a critical point for southern military defenses. In ancient times, as wars frequently erupted in southern China, Guilin’s strategic location made it a prime target for territorial disputes.

A Junction Between the North and South

Guilin was also situated at the intersection between northern and southern China. Throughout different periods in history, northern dynasties sought to conquer the south, with Guilin often becoming the focus of their efforts. The city was occupied and ruled by various northern dynasties, including the Northern Wei, Sui, and Tang dynasties.

A Key Transportation Hub

Additionally, Guilin served as a crucial transportation route between southern and southwestern China, linking these regions. This made Guilin a significant military and logistical corridor for southern campaigns. For example, during the Qin dynasty’s conquest of Baiyue, the construction of the Ling Canal connected the Xiang and Li Rivers, making Guilin a vital hub that linked the sea routes to the south with the Central Plains in the north.

A Strategic Stronghold

By the Tang dynasty, Guilin’s strategic importance had only grown. The Tang dynasty established a General’s Office in Guilin and later included it as one of the five governorates of Lingnan. During the Song dynasty, Guangnan Xilu’s administrative center was located in Guilin, and during the Ming and Qing dynasties, Guilin served as the provincial capital of Guangxi. These developments reflect Guilin’s significance in military and political terms, playing a key role in regional defense and fostering economic and cultural exchanges across the region.

The Song Dynasty (960-1279 CE)

Guilin saw significant development during the Song dynasty, spanning political, economic, and cultural realms. Below are some key historical developments in Guilin during this time:

City Construction and Defense

During the Song dynasty, Guilin’s city construction and defense systems saw remarkable growth. It is recorded that in the late Southern Song dynasty, the city underwent several expansions and fortifications to resist Mongol invasions. The city was divided into inner and outer sections; the inner city was founded by Li Jing during the Tang dynasty, while the outer city, established by Yu Jing in 1055 CE, was later expanded multiple times to create a multi-layered defensive system. This defensive structure featured towering city walls, moats, and rows of gates, showcasing a highly developed urban defense network.

Cultural Flourishing

Guilin became a cultural hub during the Song dynasty. Its stunning landscapes attracted countless poets, scholars, and artists who found inspiration in its picturesque scenery. Guilin’s distinctive mountains, rivers, and caves gave rise to its unique natural beauty, and this became a source of artistic creation. Guilin’s stone inscriptions from this period are particularly notable, with about one-quarter of its total inscriptions dating back to the Song dynasty, covering topics such as politics, culture, and religion.

Economic Growth

Economically, Guilin thrived during the Song dynasty. Its natural beauty attracted many visitors, contributing to the growth of the tourism industry. In addition, Guilin’s agriculture, handicrafts, and trade prospered. Notably, its famous ink brushes and liquor became well-known products during this period.

Historical and Cultural Districts

The ancient Song city district of Guilin has been planned based on historical maps from over 700 years ago, with the intention of recreating the layout and scale of the city during the late Southern Song dynasty. This project includes important landmarks such as Mulong Lake Scenic Area, Diecai Mountain, Baoji Mountain, Yingwu Mountain, and various ancient streets. The district aims to recreate the bustling commercial culture of the Song dynasty, with its intricate street networks, vibrant night markets, and rich cultural exchanges.

Cultural Heritage

Guilin’s Song dynasty legacy includes valuable cultural artifacts like the “Party Faction Tablet,” the “Southern Heavenly Pillar,” and various stone inscriptions. These historical treasures remain as testaments to Guilin’s rich cultural heritage.

The Song dynasty marked an era of substantial growth for Guilin, with advancements in urban development, cultural flourishing, economic prosperity, and a deep historical legacy that continues to influence the city today.

Aerial view of Two Rivers and Four Lakes with a small island in the center
Image Source: [千库网], Aerial view of Two Rivers and Four Lakes

Ming Dynasty Period (1368-1644)

The Ming Dynasty marked a new chapter in Guilin’s history. Let’s explore how Guilin developed during this time from political, cultural, and military perspectives, examining key historical events and growth.

The Establishment and Legacy of the Jingjiang Princes

In 1370, during the third year of the Hongwu reign, the Jingjiang Princes’ Palace was established when Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang bestowed the title of Prince of Jingjiang on his nephew, Zhu Shouqian, tasking him with “stabilizing the southern regions.” Over the centuries, the Jingjiang Princes’ line continued through 14 generations across 11 rulers until the fall of the Ming Dynasty. The royal palace, located in Guilin’s city center, was more than just a royal residence — it served various purposes in later eras, becoming a tribute academy and district government office. Today, it forms part of Guangxi Normal University’s campus, a testament to its enduring significance.

The Historical Significance of the Jingjiang Tombs

The Jingjiang Tombs, located amidst Guilin’s scenic landscape, stand as a testament to the Ming dynasty’s feudal system. Serving as the resting place for Zhu Shouqian and his descendants, this site offers invaluable insight into the power distribution and local governance of ancient China. Its grand scale and meticulous layout reflect Ming-era architectural prowess and burial customs, preserving crucial historical artifacts for the study of royal lineage, local history, and ancient rituals. The tombs remain a powerful symbol of China’s rich cultural heritage, drawing scholars and tourists alike to witness this historical legacy.

Guilin’s Strategic Importance in the Southern Ming

During the Southern Ming period, Guilin became a critical stronghold, like an impenetrable fortress in the south. Beyond its natural beauty, Guilin was a key center for the resistance movement against the Qing dynasty. Loyalists to the Ming throne gathered in Guilin, launching repeated successful defenses against the invading Qing forces. The city’s walls bore witness to countless battles for survival, with each stone and brick drenched in the blood of soldiers fighting for the Ming cause. Even in its most precarious moments, Guilin stood like a beacon, providing hope and preserving the Southern Ming regime’s last thread of survival. Though this era has passed, Guilin’s heroism and resilience during this time remain legendary.

Cultural and Educational Flourishing in Guilin

Guilin became a hub of learning and culture during the Ming Dynasty. Numerous academies, including the famed “Yangshuo Academy” and “Diecai Academy,” were established to nurture talented individuals. These institutions not only taught Confucian classics but also emphasized moral integrity, helping Guilin become an academic center in southern China. The imperial examination system took root here, producing scholars who went on to play pivotal roles in national politics, highlighting Guilin’s educational achievements.

Culturally, Guilin’s scenic beauty inspired countless poets and artists. The famous traveler Xu Xiake, for instance, vividly described Guilin’s landscapes in his renowned travelogue, elevating the city’s cultural stature. Additionally, traditional performing arts, such as Gui Opera and Caichao drama, flourished during this period, blending local customs with folk traditions to become key cultural expressions.

Through its educational and cultural contributions, Ming-era Guilin displayed a unique charm, vividly reflecting China’s diverse and rich cultural heritage.

Military Defenses and Warfare in Guilin

In the grand historical landscape of the Ming Dynasty, Guilin played a crucial military role due to its strategic position. As a southern gateway and fortified stronghold, the city’s defensive systems were robust, with ancient city walls that have withstood centuries of conflict. These walls, accompanied by the natural defenses of the Li River and surrounding mountains, formed an impregnable line of defense. Watchtowers dotted the landscape, enabling rapid mobilization of troops in the event of an invasion.

Guilin also served as a staging ground for military expeditions aimed at quelling uprisings in the southwestern frontier. Ming armies used the city as a base from which to suppress rebellions and maintain the empire’s southern borders.

In this era of shifting power, Guilin’s story is not only one of beauty and prosperity but also of courage and wisdom, with many tales of military strategy and defense rooted in its history.

Qing Dynasty Period (1636-1912)

The Qing Dynasty brought new changes to Guilin’s history. Let’s continue exploring how the city evolved during this period.

Political Status of Guilin

During the Qing Dynasty, Guilin remained the political center of Guangxi. It was the seat of the Guangxi Administration Commissioner, a status that had been established during the Ming Dynasty. The city’s prominence as the administrative hub continued throughout the Qing period, further solidifying its role as a provincial capital.

Economic Development in Guilin

Guilin’s economy in the Qing period focused on agriculture and handicrafts. Agricultural production flourished with the expansion of arable land, improved irrigation systems, and increased crop yields. The cultivation of cash crops also saw growth. Handicrafts, particularly in industries such as porcelain, reached new heights during the reigns of Emperors Kangxi and Yongzheng, producing exquisite works that showcased advanced craftsmanship.

Cultural and Educational Growth

Culturally, Guilin continued to be a center for education and learning. In 1905, Guilin Middle School (originally the Guilin Prefecture Middle School) was established, and in 1912, it was renamed Guangxi Guilin Middle School, the predecessor of today’s Guilin High School. Additionally, the newly built hall of the Guangxi Consultative Bureau was located in Guilin, beneath the striking peaks of Jinzi Mountain (Duxiu Peak), preserving much of the architectural grandeur of the former royal city.

Social Dynamics

Guilin was home to multiple ethnic groups, including the Zhuang, Yao, Hui, Miao, and Dong peoples, living in harmony. The city’s stunning landscapes, renowned for being “the best under heaven,” attracted foreign missionaries and explorers, who documented and spread knowledge about its natural beauty far and wide.

Transformation of Guilin’s Urban Landscape

The city’s architectural style was a reflection of classical Chinese elegance, but time brought changes to Guilin’s appearance. Starting in 1932, the city walls were gradually dismantled, and later, during the Japanese invasion, the once-graceful city was nearly destroyed.

In summary, Guilin experienced prosperity during the Qing Dynasty, but the later invasion and destruction brought significant setbacks to this beautiful ancient city.

Aerial view of Diecai Mountain offering a panoramic view of Guilin city
Image Source: [千图网], Aerial view of Diecai Mountain

Development of Guilin in Modern History

What historical stories does Guilin tell in modern times, during the Republic of China period and World War II?

Guilin in the Republic of China Era

In the 1920s, Guilin became one of the southern strongholds of the New Culture Movement, attracting numerous progressive intellectuals who gathered to discuss new ideas such as democracy and science, injecting vitality into the era’s intellectual liberation. During those years, the air in Guilin was filled with the pursuit of knowledge and reform. Numerous new journals and organizations were founded here, driving social and cultural change.

During the Anti-Japanese War, Guilin’s strategic importance became increasingly prominent. As a military and cultural center in the rear, it not only took on the responsibility of supplying resources but also became a haven for cultural elites. Famous figures such as Guo Moruo and Mao Dun flocked to the city, creating a wealth of inspirational works. Because of this, Guilin was hailed as the “Athens of the East.” Its stunning scenery seemed to have a magical power, soothing the hearts of countless soldiers and civilians during the war.

In 1944, during the Battle of Guilin, although the outcome was tragic, the heroic resistance of Guilin’s military and civilians demonstrated to the world the indomitable spirit of the Chinese people. Even though the city was left in ruins, the flame of culture and spirit never extinguished.

The Republic of China period witnessed Guilin’s baptism in both war and culture, ultimately shaping its legendary resilience.

Guilin During World War II

What role did Guilin play as it endured the flames of war during World War II?

Cultural Center of Resistance

During World War II, Guilin became a cultural and intellectual center in southeastern China, attracting many writers, artists, and scholars. These elite figures founded various newspapers and journals, held academic events, and infused Guilin with extraordinary vitality and influence in the cultural domain. Its landscapes not only served as inspiration for poets but also became a powerful symbol of national resistance, igniting the collective will to fight against the invaders.

Strategic Throat and Military Stronghold

Guilin’s geographical advantage made it a key passageway connecting China’s inland regions with the outside world. As a transportation hub for Guangxi and the entire southern region of China, its significance cannot be overstated. As a result, the defense of Guilin was particularly fierce. In 1944, as the Japanese launched Operation Ichi-Go, Guilin became a strategic battleground.

The Heroic Battle of Guilin

In the autumn of that year, with the Japanese forces advancing on the city, the Battle of Guilin began. Despite facing overwhelming odds, Chinese forces fought to the death, using guerrilla tactics and taking advantage of the terrain to slow the enemy’s progress. However, due to an unfavorable overall situation and lack of reinforcements, after more than ten days of bloody fighting, Guilin eventually fell to the Japanese in early November. Although the battle did not prevent the Japanese from establishing a blockade of China’s inland areas, it showcased the bravery of Chinese soldiers and the resilience of the people of Guilin.

Post-War Reconstruction and Development

After the war, Guilin embarked on the arduous task of reconstruction, relying on its inherent resilience and the support of the nation. Government and society worked together to restore infrastructure and revitalize the economy, gradually bringing Guilin back to its former glory.

Historical Memory and Heritage

Today, Guilin is not only renowned for its breathtaking landscapes but also for its numerous historical sites that preserve the memories of that turbulent era. Museums and memorial halls recount the stories of Guilin’s brave people and soldiers who fought during the war, reminding future generations to cherish peace and remember the lessons of history.

Guilin during World War II carries profound historical memories, bearing witness to the unyielding spirit of the Chinese nation. It stands as a symbol of China’s cultural confidence and vitality and as a crucial part of the global fight against fascism.

Street view photography of a road in Guilin
Image Source: [千库网], Street view photography of a road in Guilin

Guilin on the Global Stage After the Reform and Opening-Up

Guilin experienced several key stages and transformations after China’s reform and opening-up, which shaped its modern development:

Development of the Tourism Industry

Guilin was among the first cities in China to open its doors to international tourism, officially welcoming foreign tourists in 1973. After the reform and opening-up, Guilin’s tourism industry experienced rapid growth, especially following the opening of Guilin’s airport to international flights and the establishment of the Guilin Customs in 1981. This marked the beginning of a period of accelerated development for the city’s tourism market, connecting it with the global tourism industry. In 1973, when the city first opened to foreign tourists, fewer than 1,000 international visitors came to Guilin. By 2014, however, the number of overnight international visitors had exceeded 2.4 million.

Urban Construction and Transformation

Starting in 1998, Guilin embarked on large-scale urban construction and modernization efforts, aiming to reach international standards. In just over three years, 89 key construction projects were completed, including the establishment of the Zhengyang Pedestrian Street and the renovation of Zhongshan Road. These improvements elevated the city’s infrastructure and enhanced traffic efficiency. Moreover, new bridges and roads were built, and the construction of the Central Square and another major plaza ended the city’s history of having no large urban squares. These developments not only improved the city’s ecological and cultural environment but also reshaped its image and layout.

Development of the Lingui New District

On May 4, 2008, the Guilin Lingui New District Administrative Committee was officially established, marking a new phase in the development of this district. The Lingui New District was positioned as the new city center for Guilin, serving as a hub for governance, economy, culture, and commerce, as well as an industrial, logistics, and trade base. Over the years, a total of 205 projects have been implemented in the district, 77 of which have been completed, with an accumulated investment of 48.275 billion yuan. The core area has now taken shape, laying a solid foundation for further development.

Comprehensive Reform

In recent years, Guilin has focused on becoming a world-class tourism city and has introduced several major reforms to promote its overall development. For example, significant breakthroughs have been made in creating innovative systems and mechanisms to support Guilin’s tourism industry. The local government established a special working group to coordinate these efforts. Additionally, progress has been made in environmental protection, with the creation of the first municipal-level Public Security Bureau dedicated to environmental protection in Guangxi. Other key reforms have contributed to the revitalization of Guilin’s industrial sector, with improved policies for supporting industrial development.

Economic Development

Since the reform and opening-up, Guilin has focused on economic growth, actively liberating and developing its productive forces. This has enabled the city to overcome its former weaknesses, such as a weak agricultural base, underdeveloped industry, and low-level service sectors. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, Guilin has further consolidated its agricultural base, implemented strategies for industrial revitalization, and promoted the development of modern service industries, with tourism as the main driver. This has facilitated the city’s transformation from an agriculture-dominated economy to a modern, service-oriented one. In 2023, Guilin’s gross domestic product (GDP) was 1,728.4 times that of 1950 and 224.91 times that of 1978, ranking it as the third-largest economy among Guangxi’s cities.

Integration of Culture and Tourism

Guilin has achieved remarkable success in integrating culture with tourism. For example, the Duxiu Peak Royal City Scenic Area has become a national 5A-level tourist attraction, drawing a continuous stream of visitors every day. The Guilin Stele Forest Museum leaves a lasting impression on all who visit, and the Lingqu Canal is now a major attraction in Xing’an County. Guilin has also emphasized the promotion of ethnic culture, such as the world’s first landscape performance, Impression Liu Sanjie, in Yangshuo, which has welcomed over 18 million visitors to date, making it a popular destination for tourists from around the world.

Through its efforts in tourism development, urban construction and modernization, the creation of the Lingui New District, comprehensive reforms, economic growth, and the integration of culture and tourism, Guilin has emerged as a city with significant international influence and as a vital economic region in China’s development after the reform and opening-up.

Yangshuo Li River in Guilin with a cruise ship on the water
Image Source: [千库网], Yangshuo Li River in Guilin

Cultural Heritage of Guilin

Guilin, located in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, is a city with a rich historical background and abundant cultural heritage. Below are some of the key cultural heritage sites in Guilin:

Tangible Cultural Heritage

As a city with deep historical significance, Guilin is home to numerous tangible cultural heritage sites. Here are some of the most notable:

Guilin Museum

Guilin Museum is an often overlooked treasure trove that houses many valuable cultural relics. Among its notable collections are the Blue-and-White Plum Vase with Martial Arts Motif (Ming Dynasty), a human tooth fossil from Baoji Rock (Late Paleolithic), the Twelve Zodiac Animal Mirror (Sui Dynasty), the Green-Glazed Bird Ornament from the Guizhou Kiln (Tang Dynasty), a stone Buddha statue (Tang Dynasty), talc figurines (Southern Dynasty), and several other ancient artifacts from various dynasties.

Lingqu Canal Museum

The Lingqu Canal Museum serves as a vital window into Guilin’s rich cultural heritage. In recent years, efforts have been made to preserve and promote the historical, cultural, and ecological value of the Lingqu Canal. Through these initiatives, the canal has gained increased visibility, becoming a key cultural attraction that represents Guilin’s heritage and showcases its ancient waterways to the world.

Natural Heritage Sites

Guilin’s natural heritage is also diverse and renowned, particularly for its Karst landscape, which is among the most famous in the world. Guilin’s Karst formations are some of the best-developed and most beautiful examples globally, featuring dramatic peaks, forests, and caves. In June 2014, UNESCO recognized the South China Karst, including Guilin’s Karst landscape, as a World Natural Heritage Site, making it the first of its kind in Guangxi.

Li River Scenic Area

The Li River Scenic Area, located in the northeastern part of Guilin, is known for its Karst landscape and is often referred to as the “Hundred Miles Gallery” for its picturesque scenery. Key sites along the river include Crown Cave, Yellow Cloth Reflection, and the Fairy Pushing Mill. In 2007, the Li River Scenic Area was designated as a national 5A-level tourist attraction, the highest rating for scenic areas in China.

Longji Rice Terraces

Another iconic natural heritage site in Guilin is the Longji Rice Terraces, one of the region’s most representative natural landscapes. These terraced fields, resembling a giant dragon coiled among the mountains, stretch out in layers and create breathtaking scenes. From observation platforms, visitors can take in the full beauty of the terraces, which glitter in the sunlight like jewels set among the hills.

These natural heritage sites are just a few examples of Guilin’s rich cultural and environmental treasures, each carrying its own historical and cultural significance, and representing the ingenuity of Guilin’s people.

Beautiful terraced fields in autumn
Image Source: [千库网], Beautiful terraced fields in autumn

Ethnic Minorities and Customs of Guilin

Guilin is home to a diverse population of ethnic groups, with 28 minority groups living alongside the Han majority. The main minority groups include the Zhuang, Yao, Hui, Miao, and Dong, each contributing to the city’s vibrant cultural tapestry.

Major Ethnic Groups and Their Customs

  1. Zhuang: The Zhuang people are the largest ethnic group in Guilin, making up about 70% of the population. They are known for their industrious nature, excelling in rice farming and animal husbandry. Zhuang culture is rich in folk arts, including Zhuang opera and brocade weaving. Their traditional festivals include the “March 3rd Singing Festival” and the Bull Soul Festival.
  2. Yao: The Yao people primarily reside in Longsheng County. They are skilled in rice farming and traditional herbal medicine. The Yao people are known for their unique dress, particularly the elaborate headdresses worn by Yao women. Key Yao festivals include the Panwang Festival and the Yao New Year.
  3. Miao: The Miao people live mainly in Ziyuan and Longsheng Counties. They are also engaged in rice farming and animal husbandry and are famous for their intricate silver ornaments, including the “Miao Hat.” Traditional Miao festivals include the Miao New Year and the Festival of Eating New Rice.
  4. Dong: The Dong people reside in Sanjiang Dong Autonomous County and are also skilled farmers and livestock breeders. The Dong culture is known for its drum towers and distinctive architecture. Dong festivals include the Dong New Year and the Festival of Eating New Rice.
  5. Hui: The Hui people live primarily in Lingui District and Yangshuo County and are involved in trade and handicrafts. The Hui are known for their unique mosques, such as the ancient Guilin Mosque. Their main festivals include Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha.

Each of these ethnic groups brings its own unique customs and traditions, enriching Guilin’s cultural landscape and contributing to its reputation as a city of diverse cultural heritage.

Rice photography featuring Wuchang rice
Image Source: [千库网], Rice photography featuring Wuchang rice

What Factors Influence Guilin’s Culinary Culture?

Guilin’s culinary culture has been shaped by various historical factors, which are reflected in its traditional dishes and food habits. Below are some key influences and how they have impacted the food culture of Guilin:

Influence of Rice Farming Culture

Guilin’s culinary culture is closely tied to rice farming. Rice is the staple food of the people of Guilin, and rice farming forms the core of the region’s culinary identity. A prime example is Guilin Rice Noodles, which have a long history dating back to the Qin Dynasty. During that time, Emperor Qin Shi Huang sent his general, Tu Sui, to lead his army south through Guilin to conquer the Southern Yue region. Many of the soldiers were from the north and were not accustomed to eating rice, which led to reduced food intake and a decline in morale. To address this, they ground the rice into flour and made it into noodle-like strips, giving rise to what we now know as Guilin Rice Noodles.

Influence of Foreign Cultures

Foreign cultures have also had an impact on Guilin’s cuisine. For example, Buddhism, which was introduced to Guilin from India, brought new ingredients such as water chestnuts. Furthermore, Guilin’s famous Three Flower Liquor gained popularity during the Song Dynasty, reflecting cultural exchanges that shaped the region’s culinary identity.

Influence of Minority Cultures

Guilin is a region where many ethnic minority groups live, and their cultures have left a mark on the city’s food traditions. A notable example is the Gongcheng Yao People’s Oil Tea, which is a specialty of the Yao minority in the region and an important part of their local food culture.

Influence of Historical Events

Historical events have also shaped Guilin’s culinary development. For instance, the evolution of Guilin Rice Noodles can be traced back to the Qin Dynasty’s efforts to unify southern China. To solve the army’s food supply issues, the soldiers began making rice into noodles. Additionally, to combat water-related illnesses, the army’s doctors brewed herbal broths, which later became the early versions of the lu water (sauce) used in modern-day Guilin Rice Noodles. These broths not only aided digestion but also boosted the soldiers’ energy, contributing to their overall well-being.

Influence of Geography

Guilin’s geographical environment has had a significant impact on its food culture. The city, located in the Lingnan region, enjoys a humid climate and abundant natural resources, which provide a rich foundation for its culinary traditions. Signature Guilin dishes like Rice Noodles and Water Chestnut Cakes are closely tied to the region’s geography and local produce.

These historical factors have contributed to Guilin’s unique food culture, shaping the region’s traditional dishes and culinary customs, and creating a distinctive culinary identity.

Guilin's stunning landscape scenery
Image Source: [千库网], Guilin’s stunning landscape scenery

Conclusion

Today, when people think of Guilin, the first images that come to mind are often the breathtaking landscapes and the skyline-free city that seems to maintain a serene distance from the outside world. Guilin, an ancient yet youthful city, continues to attract visitors from all over with its unique charm, showcasing its beauty and pride to the world. Whether it’s the depth of history or nature’s gift, Guilin is a place worth savoring and exploring slowly.

As time flows on, Guilin remains unchanged. Like an elderly storyteller who has witnessed the ages, the city quietly shares its tales, waiting for every soul willing to listen. Perhaps this is the most captivating aspect of Guilin.

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